The Law That Can Not Discriminate Against Hiring An...

company, or even the taxpayer. In addition, it is now law that employers cannot discriminate against hiring an individual due to pregnancy, or pregnancy related illness, or disability. In ATT v. Hulteen, the Supreme Court heard of a case in which four workers claimed that they were discriminated against and that their pension was illegally reduced because of their pregnancy. The Court ruled against the four workers claiming that the Act protecting pregnant workers does not constitute redressing past oppression. This is fundamental in understanding radical feminists who would assert that retroactive penalties should apply to ATT because of their past oppression of pregnant mothers. Punishments and penalties that are applied†¦show more content†¦Many maternity and labor law provisions argue for equality within the workplace using the Fourteenth Amendment. The key words within the fourteenth amendment are â€Å"equal protection of the laws.† Equal protection does not c onstitute that women are endowed to special protection under the Rule of Law. In the battle for special protection for expecting mothers, the court has shut down claims supporting extra benefits over their male counterparts. The Supreme Court examined a health insurance plan that provided pregnancy benefits for female employees, but did not provide them for spouses of male employees. The court struck down the plan, holding that it discriminated against male employees because, in treating pregnancy differently from other disabilities, it denied male employees the same benefits that female employees received. Other feminists argue that in areas such as pregnancy leave that women should be treated differently than men as to promote equality of opportunity between the sexes. Moreover, any benefit that caters to women’s needs over men’s is against fairness in the workplace and should be eliminated. FEMINISM AND EQUAL PAY One of the main issues that have been at the forefront of all political and social campaigns is the idea of women and men receiving equal pay within the workplace. This is not only a legal issue, but social and political as well. The

Idioms and Expressions - Come

The following idioms and expressions use the verb come. Each idiom or expression has a definition and two example sentences to help understanding of these common idiomatic expressions with come. You can also learn idioms in context with these stories, or learn further expressions with these idiom resources on the site.   Come apart at the seams completely lose emotional control Theres no need to come apart at the seams. Things will get better.On hearing of the death of his friend, Peter came apart at the seams. Come away empty-handed return from a meeting, situation or other event without any gain We came away empty-handed from the negotiations.The competition was so intense that our company came away empty-handed. Come by something travel by means of some vehicle We came by train.Did you come by plane or by car? Come down in the world lose financial or social prestige and position Im afraid Tom has come down in the world. Lifes been pretty hard for him lately.I think youre taking too much risk. You might come down in the world. Come full circle return to an original state At first life was very difficult for Jane. However, things eventually came full circle and she returned to power.Looks like things have come full circle! How does it feel? Come in out of the rain start paying attention to a situation If he doesnt come in out of the rain, things will get out of control.Alex, come in out of the rain! Open your eyes to what is happening! Come into ones own begin having success and satisfaction in life Since he was appointed to vice-president, hes really come into his own.Keep working hard. One day youll come into your own. Come of age reach maturity required to do something such as marry, drink, vote, etc. You can have a beer once you come of age.When this generation comes of age, theyll be more ecologically alert. Come out ahead to be in a position of profit, or advantage after an event It was difficult, but in the end we came out ahead.Yes, higher education is expensive. However, in the end, youll come out ahead. Come to a bad end end in disaster Im afraid Jack has come to a bad end.If you dont change your behavior, youll come to a bad end. Come to a dead end arrive at an impasse in a situation, not be able to move forward Well have to rethink everything. Weve come to absolute dead end.They changed strategies once they came to a dead end. Come to a head reach a point of crisis when action is called for Things are coming to a head, we have to make a decision.I think everything will come to a head next month. Come to an untimely end die before your time His crazy driving brought him to an untimely end.She came to an untimely end last year. Come to a standstill not able to make any progress forward Can you help me? Ive come to a standstill on this project.We came to a standstill and had to rethink everything. Come to grips with something deal with something difficult Ill have to come to grips with this problem if I want to succeed.I think you first need to come to grips with his complaints before you move forward. Come to light become known A number of facts have come to light which change everything.A new solution has come to light. Come to ones senses begin thinking clearly about a situation Alan, come to your senses! Its not going to happen.She finally came to her senses and left her husband. Come to pass to occur Everything I had predicted came to pass.The prophecy has come to pass. Come true Become real Hard work and patience can help make your dreams come true.Did his plans come true?

The Benefits and Challenges of Emerging Technologies in...

I decided to research the benefits and challenges of emerging technologies in distance education for interaction and collaboration. The first report I read was written by Dr. Michael G. Moore, Web 2.0: Does It Really Matter? In this editorial Dr. Moore discusses emerging technologies and how they are â€Å"being adopted voraciously by â€Å"digital natives† who have grown up with the Internet. Moore concludes that â€Å"social networking should make constructivist, collaborative knowledge-making more natural and popular among learners and also eventually with their teachers.† However, the implementation of the tool needs to be done within a high quality well designed course and not just a tool spontaneously added by the instructor. (Moore, 2007) In Distance Education Trends: Integrating new technologies to foster student interaction and collaboration, Yoany Beldarrain of the Florida Virtual School discusses current distance education trends and the benefits of using emerging technologies such as wikis, blogs, and podcasts for student interaction. The report discusses the rapid growth of online distance education and the need to revise delivery structures and the need for re-thinking pedagogical practices. The researcher notes that â€Å"researchers and practitioners are recognizing emerging technologies as powerful tools for building social interaction in constructivist learning environments.† The report concludes that research on educational uses of emerging technologies isShow MoreRelatedThe History Of Distance Education Can Be Seen In Mid 1940S1103 Words   |  5 Pages The history of distance education can be seen in mid 1940s when Sir Isaac Pittman founded a Correspondence College in England in which course material was delivered freely (Silverton, 2011). Over the years this form of education spread to other countries such as Germany, Australia and Canada until the world witnessed the establishment of the world s first exclusively distance teaching university, the University of South Africa (UNISA) in 1946 (Tait, 2003). 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(LaBossiere, 2014) As of 2016, other institutions like the University of Pennsylvania, University of Iowa, DukeRead MoreDeveloping New Strategy Fo r The Cost Of Eeg Machines1714 Words   |  7 PagesInnovating for Emerging Markets Emerging trends that results in GE Healthcare developing new strategy for the cost of EEG machines. Per Immelt, Govindarajan, and Trimble (2009), â€Å"general electric and other industrial-goods manufactures based on rich countries grew by developing high-product at home and to distribute them globally.† The external influence has affected the healthcare practice in many hospitals, just because these external forces do not originate from the hospitals but are externallyRead MoreComputer Assisted Language Learning1101 Words   |  5 PagesComputer network technology has long been considered a tool for language learning within and outside the classroom. The advantages presented by computer technology are very beneficial. Computer Assisted Language Learning tools provide a wide range of materials and opportunities for communication. For Computer Assisted Language Learning (that will be referred to as CALL in this essay) to be fully implemented into classrooms, teachers and stud ents must prepare to embrace different roles. The decisionRead MoreInformation Systems Are Deployed By Government Essay1409 Words   |  6 Pageseffectiveness especially in the area of health, education etc, due to the use of the network to effectively share data (OECD, 2003). The adoption of information system within government organisations and other public sectors is becoming a tendency based on United Nations’ study that shows a large number of emerging nations are embracing the idea of e-government and developing its capability (UNPAN, 2008). 2. Literature Review Despite the recognition of the benefit from deploying information system in a government

Strategic Information System Financial Revenues Favorable

Question: Describe about the Report for Strategic Information System of Financial Revenues Favorable. Answer: Introduction: The performance of an organization in a business is dependent on the scope of realization of financial revenues which could be favorable. Recordkeeping has been a significant attribute in the development of business organizations over the years and the implications of financial recordkeeping are formidable requirements in the strategy for framing business decisions. Information and communication technologies have created many prominent changes in the mode of business operations (Galliers Leidner, 2014). Consistent access to reliable information could help organizations to prepare sustainable strategies alongside emphasizing on the existing scenario. The information system is intended to establish a formal setting in which the data would be collected, interpreted into legible information and delivered to users (Shapiro Varian, 2013). The following report depicts a comprehensive illustration of the various types of accounting information systems and the application of different syste ms or software for selected case studies. Accounting information systems: The accounting information systems implemented by organizations are derived from concerns for various elements such a business processes and resources. The sustainability of an organization is dependent on the transparency of its financial records and the different inferences which can be drawn from the financial performance of the company. The application of information systems in the process of monitoring the financial documents related to an organization is considered as a cognizable approach for producing informative reports which can assist managers for building business decisions (Haux et al, 2013). However, the significance of tracking financial developments and pitfalls is observed in the collection, storage and processing of financial as well as accounting data has become more flexible with the introduction of computers and the internet. Connectivity is the keyword for development in the domain of business and hence the availability of necessary resources to establish the re quired framework can be apprehended as a promising platform for implementation of AIS or ERP systems. The sophistication of new business methodologies has also obtained drastic benefits from the utilization of AIS which can also be considered as a major outcome of transition from manual accounting information systems to computer based systems (Osman, El Beltagi Hardaker, 2015). The functionality of accounting information systems can be studied from a comprehensive illustration of the components and functions of AIS. The trend of growing inclination towards information systems is characterized by three profound requirements. The foremost objective of establishing formidable AIS is realized in the plausible collection and storage of data related to the financial activities of an organization. AIS utilize collection of transaction data through source documents, illustrating the transactions in journals and translation of data from journals to ledgers. Accounting information systems ar e also responsible for generation of financial statements and managerial reports which are necessary for managers to acquire information relevant to decision making requisites (Ward Peppard, 2016). Another profound function of AIS is observed in the establishment of formal controls for precise collection, interpretation and processing of data. Performance measurement systems must also be placed for evaluating the standards of performance followed by the organization in its financial domain. Multitude of functions and the proficiency of AIS in catering the strategic requirements of a business serve as credible indicators for implementing AIS systems or software in business applications (Waters et al, 2013). Components of AIS: Prior to the implementation of accounting information systems, an organization must be aware of the components of an AIS in order to ensure cognizable measures for addressing the needs of an organization. The AIS consists of six integral parts such as people, procedure, data, software, internal controls and IT infrastructure. Each of the components has a distinct role in defining the functionality of the system. People in AIS refer to the accountants, consultants, business analysts and managers who have the authority to access and use the systems (Uaktrk Villard, 2013). They must be aware of the other related factors and the expertise in managing the various interfaces and hardware related to AIS. Procedure in the AIS is related to the methodologies implemented for collection, storage, retrieval and processing of data. The procedure must be clearly outlined in AIS which would help in identifying distinct methodologies for identifying the concerns and prepare contingency plans (Wu et al, 2013). The procedure also assists in preparing a rough impression of the necessary requirements in terms of physical and financial resources. The third component of AIS is the crux of every information system i.e. Data. Data is the major content of an information system and financial data associated with an organization serve as data for AIS of the organization. Software required for running the various procedures for information management is included in the software component of AIS and is largely reflective of computer programs used for data processing. Information technology infrastructure serves as the hardware for operating the AIS and is considered as a complement of the software component (Pearlson, Saunders Galletta, 2016). The connectivity offered by evolved equipment in the domain of information and communication technology could account for higher efficiency of the information systems. Finally, the design of an accounting information system is completed by the esta blishment of internal controls which safeguard data from unfavorable practices. Internal controls can be perceived as security measures adopted by an organization to prevent unauthorized access to accounting information of the company. Measuring performance in AIS: The performance or the reliability of an accounting information system can be determined from a conclusive reference to five profound and acclaimed standards. The efficacy of accounting information system is primarily evaluated from the perspective of confidentiality, security, processing integrity, privacy and availability. Information systems which satisfy all conditions mentioned above are trusted for their efficiency and sophistication of performances. Security is verified through establishment of protocols for control and limitations on access to system as well as data (Amrollahi, Ghapanchi Talaei-Khoei, 2013). Confidentiality is ensured through safeguarding confidential information from unwarranted disclosure. The processing integrity criteria are satisfied by the verification of accuracy, completion and time required for data processing under proper authorization. Availability of a system is judged on the basis of its capability to address contractual and operational obligati ons. Finally, the prerequisite of privacy is evaluated by determining the collection and use of personal information of customers. If the personal information of customers is not subject to excessive exposure then the privacy criteria of AIS is fulfilled (David David, 2016). These criteria assist in comprehensive judging of the capabilities of an accounting information system which in turn would be helpful for resolving information management issues of an organization from the right perspective. In many situations, it has been observed that organizations fail to realize the implementation of AIS and thus face critical setbacks in terms of misappropriation of documents, confusion over the taxable returns and increased complexity of cash flow descriptions (Abdelhak, Grostick Hanken, 2014). Therefore, organizations must aim to develop information systems which could help them to acquire and collate relevant information associated with an organizations financial aspects. Types of Accounting Information Systems: Accounting information systems are characterized by variations owing to the changes in context of the business environment. Factors such as magnitude of business, data volume and nature of data are responsible for framing new information systems. Electronic data processing (EDP) and the traditional relational database management systems implemented for data management in business organizations are prolific examples of implementation of technology in storage of relevant data (Bernus, Mertins Schmidt, 2013). The accounting process is complicated and is characterized by the starting process of recording financial transactions and ranges to preparation of financial statements. The consistent development in information systems technology of business organizations can be considered as an initiative to comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002. The classification of accounting information systems can be apprehended from the understanding of different types of business processes. Business tra nsactions are classified into revenue and return processes, administrative, conversion processes and expense and return processes. Revenue and return processes comprise of indication to massive volumes of daily sales and cash inflows. Conversion process includes transactions which are implemented in work in progress and raw materials transactions (Ali, Mohamad Tretiakov, 2013). Expenditure and return process imply references to payroll transactions while administrative processes involve capital, investment and borrowing transactions. The above mentioned processes are documented in the form of external and internal financial reports. Internal reports include sales inventory status report or schedule of receivable accounts while external financial reports comprise of balance sheet, income statement and cash flow statement. The types of accounting information systems used in the contemporary business scenario are also dependent on the nature and size of the organization alongside the organizational objectives. The two distinct classifications of AIS include manual and legacy systems. Manual systems are generally implemented by small businesses and home based enterprises. The examples of manual systems include requirement of source documents, special, general and subsidiary journals. Manual systems have been computerized in the recent times which require manual input and processing of data (Whittington, 2014). The computer framework utilized for the process is meant for storage of information solely. Legacy systems are considered as the sophisticated system of information storage and were implemented way ahead of the age of information technology (Willcocks, 2013). The information acquired from legacy systems is relevant to the historical data associated with an organization and could be apprehended flex ibly by the personnel of the firm. Furthermore, the implications of legacy systems are cognizable for the employees of the organization which accounts for higher sophistication of outcomes. Accounting software packages lack such type of customization as observed in legacy systems. Disk4u case study: The case study provided for analysis is related to Disk4U which is a business established in Australia. The company is a small family-owned business and is characterized by its four outlets in Sydney. The expansion of operations of the company through the internet and acquisition of orders via phone has prompted the organization to undertake computerization of its accounting information systems. The organization faces major issues in the domains of business reporting and accounting which can be addressed by taking several factors into account. The recommendations of an accounting and business systems consultant must be aligned with implications of magnitude of the business, nature of the business and the volume of data associated with the company (Haron, Sabri Zolkarnain, 2013). The implementation of manual system of accounting has been tried by the organization with limited results in terms of flexibility of maintaining information related to accounts, transactions, sources and int erfaces. Hence the recommended AIS for Disk4U would be QuickBooks which is a conveniently framed accounting software package. The selection of QuickBooks can be validated by the multitude of reasons such as flexibility of managerial accounting and scope for including diverse and customized space for accommodating data. Since Disk4U has ventured into the online business through eBay, the organization would be liable to experience a higher influx of data volume which can be catered only through an information system capable of dealing with an invariable rise in the volume of information (Reeves, 2014). Information systems, especially in the domain of accounting are largely concerned with associate factors such as customer behavioral preferences and comparative reviews of financial performance in various financial years. The sales of Disk4U on the online platform is executed through a third party i.e. eBay and hence the AIS for the company must accommodate ample fields in order to ente r data pertaining to transactional incentives which are exchanged between the organization and the vendor i.e. eBay which is helpful for reviewing the performance of an organization at any time. The company can find revenue which is lost in terms of product exchanges, replacements, supply chain costs and areas which are facing substantial barriers financially. The additional impact of the AIS for Disk4U includes the reference to cost accounting which depicts a clear representation of the costs pertaining to delivery of products and services along with a comparative review of the costs with the standards (Peppard, Galliers Thorogood, 2014). The revised accounting information system in form of QuickBooks can facilitate monthly reports to the organization in terms of sales reports, performance comparisons, cash flow statements and income statement. Translation of information is also a major challenge which emerges in case of Disk4U and its AIS. The information pertaining to the firm i s accessible in physical form and consists of descriptions of transaction documents, source documents and ledgers which have to be interpreted for inclusion in the new information system framework. The organization has to ensure that information associated with the manual accounting information systems implemented by the organization has to be reiterated precisely in the new information system. The sustenance of conventional information is necessary for inducing the characteristic of a legacy based system which can prove to be substantially helpful in reviewing the financial performance of the organization from the perspective of its past performance (Bajdor Grabara, 2014). However; the system has to be implemented with coordinated effort from all perspectives of the information management system. Negligence for any particular element could lead to massive consequences for the organization in terms of lack of information related to specific organizational issues, financial instabil ity and shortage of managerial effectiveness to cater the requirements of the company. Sungate Foods case study: The case of Sungate foods implies the organizations background in Victoria. The organizations primary products include rice. The resources and infrastructure available for the organization include processing locations, milling facilities, rail spur, pollution control equipment and farms. The resources of the organization are excessive and the magnitude of the organization can be purportedly determined from the expanse of operations and intensity of outcomes of the organization. Scope for error in the AIS framework is derived from volume of data, inefficiency of personnel and the ambiguous integration of information systems in the case of Sungate foods. The outcome of the faulty implementation of AIS can be attributed to these above mentioned causes and their replacement can be considered in the form of implementing a developed framework for collecting, interpreting and representing the data associated with distinct sectors of the company (Vernez, Culbertson Constant, 2014). The AIS system would be inclusive of distinct technologies for revenue process, expenditure process, conversion process and administrations process. Since Sungate foods is an organization with multiple resources and substantial potential for generating financial returns, the AIS for the company must be comprehensive and should indicate illustrated references to each of the business transactions observed in the company (Vernez, Culbertson Constant, 2014). The interrelation among the various business transactions is also a significant indicator of the complexity required in the accounting information system. First of all, the revenue of the company has to be maintained distinctly alike other transactions. Revenue of the company is observed in the form of sales, returns on sales and cash collection. The data pertaining to each component involved in the processes of revenue collection is included in AIS (Vernez, Culbertson Constant, 2014). The use of a generic accounting software package for Sungate foods cannot be considered as a plausible option since, the volume of data as well as variability could create certain concerns for the framework. The magnitude of the organization demands a customized framework for storing, processing and retrieving information related to the accounting aspects of the company. The extent of Sungate foods and its operations in the market also account for demands of AIS framework which can be understood effectively by personnel of the organization and thus the information system can be used effectively for the benefit of the organization. Sungate foods faces challenges in terms of financial resources in implementation of AIS which can be tackled by emphasizing on the critical aspects of accounting information such as cash flow and income statements rather than trivial issues. Detailing of individual procedures of an organization and the impact of each of the procedures is a mandatory requirement for the AIS that should be implemented in Sunga te foods (Vernez, Culbertson Constant, 2014). The recommendation assumes references to the inabilities of the existing AIS framework of the organization in reporting and accounting details. The formulation of the new accounting information system for Sungate foods is reviewed from the perspective of the companys magnitude of operations. The massive scale of the organization is noted as a preliminary requisite for framing the AIS since it is also responsible for the invariable rise in the amount of information related to the companys financial transactions. The output of the organization is derived through round the clock effort of employees and the diversity of the organization can also be observed from the processing locations, marketing office, milling facilities, farms and pollution control equipment. Therefore the recommended AIS system should be capable of interconnecting the information systems at each of the facilities which would assist in acquisition of real time data pert aining to collection from farms, processing data, stock details and data associated with packaging, distribution and sale of rice (Haron, Sabri Zolkarnain, 2013). As suggested in the recommendations, Sungate food should aim at deriving comprehensive AIS which would be able to capitalize on the existing framework of information systems and data silos available for data storage. The compilation of data from various domains of the organizations activities such as marketing, production, distribution, expenditures and sales into a single report creates ambiguities and hence the recommended AIS framework could facilitate viable prospects for management of accounting information related to the organization. Conclusion: The significance of accounting information systems has been depicted in the report with conclusive references to solutions of two case studies. The case studies were primarily directed towards the lack of proficiency in areas such as business reporting and accounting. The issues were addressed in individual cases through consideration of influential factors such as organization type, size of the organization and the resources available for the organization. The capability of AIS infrastructures has been a widely doubted entity in the domain of information management owing to the various customized or legacy frameworks adopted by certain organizations (Willcocks, 2013). However, AIS has the capability of addressing the performance requirements of an organization from the perspective of estimations of accounting transactions and maintaining them in a coordinated fashion. Monitoring the financial framework of an organization through accounting information systems has proved to be a subs trate for the development of packages and accounting software which could prove functional in keeping as well as monitoring records of business transactions and accounting reports. The emergence of online accounting software has also served as a vital boost for the domain of accounting information management as such platforms enable flexibility of interaction (Ali, Mohamad Tretiakov, 2013). The emphasis on components of an accounting information system, specifications of the organization and objectives could serve as significant attributes for framing a functional and productive accounting information system. References Abdelhak, M., Grostick, S. and Hanken, M.A., 2014.Health information: management of a strategic resource. Elsevier Health Sciences. Ali, R.H.R.M., Mohamad, R. and Tretiakov, A., 2013. The Determinants of Strategic Information System Planning (SISP) Success: A Proposed Framework for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs).Journal of Innovation Management in Small Medium Enterprises,2013, p.1. Amrollahi, A., Ghapanchi, A.H. and Talaei-Khoei, A., 2013. A systematic literature review on strategic information systems planning: Insights from the past decade.Pacific Asia Journal of the Association for Information Systems,5(2). Bajdor, P. and Grabara, I., 2014. The Role of Information System Flows in Fulfilling Customers Individual Orders.Journal of Studies in Social Sciences,7(2). Bernus, P., Mertins, K. and Schmidt, G.J. eds., 2013.Handbook on architectures of information systems. Springer Science Business Media. Davenport, T.H., 2013.Process innovation: reengineering work through information technology. Harvard Business Press. David, F. and David, F.R., 2016. Strategic Management: A Competitive Advantage Approach, Concepts and Cases. Galliers, R.D. and Leidner, D.E., 2014.Strategic information management: challenges and strategies in managing information systems. Routledge. Haron, H., Sabri, S.M. and Zolkarnain, Z.N., 2013, November. A situational analysis of Strategic Information System Planning in the context of a Malaysian SME. In2013 International Conference on Research and Innovation in Information Systems (ICRIIS)(pp. 539-543). IEEE. Haux, R., Winter, A., Ammenwerth, E. and Brigl, B., 2013.Strategic information management in hospitals: an introduction to hospital information systems. Springer Science Business Media. Kennerley, M.P. and Neely, A.D., 2013, June. Organisational Learning Through the Evaluation of Information System. InStrategic Management of the Manufacturing Value Chain: Proceedings of the International Conference of the Manufacturing Value-Chain August 98, Troon, Scotland, UK(Vol. 2, p. 457). Springer. Osman, E., El Beltagi, I.M. and Hardaker, G., 2015. The Impact of Leadership Orientation on Strategic Information System Planning Processes, with an Application to Libyan Organizations.Information Technology for Development,21(4), pp.601-627. Pearlson, K.E., Saunders, C.S. and Galletta, D.F., 2016.Managing and Using Information Systems, Binder Ready Version: A Strategic Approach. John Wiley Sons. Peppard, J., Galliers, R.D. and Thorogood, A., 2014. Information systems strategy as practice: Micro strategy and strategizing for IS.J. Strategic Inf. Sys.,23(1), pp.1-10. Reeves, M., 2014, June. Connect (Four) More: Virginia's Strategic Game of Interoperability. In2014 National STD Prevention Conference. CDC. Samara, T., 2016. Impact of the Modularity of ERPs on the Information Systems Disintegration.International Journal of Strategic Information Technology and Applications (IJSITA),7(1), pp.45-61. Shapiro, C. and Varian, H.R., 2013.Information rules: a strategic guide to the network economy. Harvard Business Press. Uaktrk, A. and Villard, M., 2013. The effects of management information and ERP systems on strategic knowledge management and decision-making.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,99, pp.1035-1043. Ward, J. and Peppard, J., 2016.The Strategic Management of Information Systems: Building a Digital Strategy. John Wiley Sons. Waters, K.P., Zuber, A., Willy, R.M., Kiriinya, R.N., Waudo, A.N., Oluoch, T., Kimani, F.M. and Riley, P.L., 2013. Kenya's health workforce information system: A model of impact on strategic human resources policy, planning and management.International journal of medical informatics,82(9), pp.895-902. Whittington, R., 2014. Information systems strategy and strategy-as-practice: a joint agenda.The Journal of Strategic Information Systems,23(1), pp.87-91. Willcocks, L., 2013.Information management: the evaluation of information systems investments. Springer. Wu, Y., Cegielski, C.G., Hazen, B.T. and Hall, D.J., 2013. Cloud computing in support of supply chain information system infrastructure: understanding when to go to the cloud.Journal of Supply Chain Management,49(3), pp.25-41. Vernez, G., Culbertson, S. and Constant, L., 2014.Strategic Priorities for Improving Access to Quality Education in the Kurdistan Region--Iraq. Monograph. RAND Corporation. PO Box 2138, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138.